/* Stanley Team · insights (articles). Light-weight: no WebGL, no JS, system CJK fonts for body text. */
@font-face{font-family:"Archivo";src:url(../fonts/archivo-sub.woff2) format("woff2");font-weight:100 900;font-stretch:62% 125%;font-display:swap}
@font-face{font-family:"Plex Mono";src:url(../fonts/plexmono-400.woff2) format("woff2");font-weight:400;font-display:swap}
:root{
  --bg:#0A0B0D;--bg2:#111317;--fg:#E9ECEF;--fg-8:rgba(233,236,239,.84);--fg-6:rgba(233,236,239,.62);--fg-4:rgba(233,236,239,.56);--fg-2:rgba(233,236,239,.16);--fg-1:rgba(233,236,239,.08);
  --spark:#FF5B1F;--spark-2:rgba(255,91,31,.14);
  --zh:"PingFang SC","Hiragino Sans GB","Microsoft YaHei","Noto Sans CJK SC","Noto Sans SC","Source Han Sans SC",system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",sans-serif;
  --disp:"Archivo",var(--zh);
  --mono:"Plex Mono",ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;
  --ease:cubic-bezier(.22,1,.36,1);
}
*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box}
html{background:var(--bg);color:var(--fg);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;text-size-adjust:100%;scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding-top:84px}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}}
body{margin:0;font-family:var(--zh);font-size:17px;line-height:1.85;font-feature-settings:"palt" 0;overflow-x:clip}
a{color:inherit}
img,svg{max-width:100%}
.num{font-family:var(--mono);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;letter-spacing:.02em}
.skip{position:absolute;left:12px;top:-60px;background:var(--spark);color:#0A0B0D;padding:8px 12px;z-index:10;text-decoration:none}
.skip:focus{top:12px}
:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--spark);outline-offset:3px}
.wrap{max-width:1180px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 clamp(18px,4vw,40px)}

/* header */
.ib{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:5;background:rgba(10,11,13,.94);border-bottom:1px solid var(--fg-1)}
.ib__in{max-width:1180px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 clamp(18px,4vw,40px);height:64px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px}
.ib__mark{display:inline-flex;color:var(--fg)}
.ib__logo{width:120px;height:auto;display:block}
.ib__nav{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:clamp(12px,2.4vw,28px);font-size:14px}
.ib__nav a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--fg-6);transition:color .2s var(--ease)}
.ib__nav a:hover{color:var(--fg)}
.ib__nav .ib__cta{color:var(--fg);border:1px solid var(--fg-2);padding:6px 12px}
.ib__nav .ib__cta:hover{border-color:var(--spark)}

/* breadcrumbs */
.crumbs ol{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:28px 0 0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:6px;font-size:13px;color:var(--fg-4)}
.crumbs li+li::before{content:"/";margin-right:6px;color:var(--fg-2)}
.crumbs a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--fg-6)}
.crumbs a:hover{color:var(--fg)}
.crumbs [aria-current]{color:var(--fg-4);max-width:40ch;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}

.kicker{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.14em;color:var(--spark);margin:0 0 14px;text-transform:uppercase}
.kicker a{text-decoration:none}

/* hub */
.hub{padding:clamp(40px,7vw,88px) 0 28px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--fg-1)}
.hub h1{font-family:var(--disp);font-weight:700;font-size:clamp(34px,5.6vw,64px);line-height:1.08;letter-spacing:-.02em;margin:0 0 18px}
.hub__lede{max-width:60ch;color:var(--fg-6);margin:0 0 28px}
.filters{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px}
.filters a{font-size:14px;text-decoration:none;color:var(--fg-6);border:1px solid var(--fg-2);padding:6px 12px;line-height:1.4}
.filters a span{color:var(--fg-4);font-size:12px;margin-left:4px}
.filters a:hover{color:var(--fg);border-color:var(--fg-4)}
.filters a[aria-current]{color:#0A0B0D;background:var(--fg);border-color:var(--fg)}
.filters a[aria-current] span{color:rgba(10,11,13,.6)}
.cards{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(min(100%,340px),1fr));border-left:1px solid var(--fg-1)}
.card{border-right:1px solid var(--fg-1);border-bottom:1px solid var(--fg-1)}
.card a{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;padding:28px 26px 24px;text-decoration:none;transition:background .25s var(--ease)}
.card a:hover{background:var(--bg2)}
.card a:hover .card__t{color:var(--spark)}
.card__k{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.12em;color:var(--fg-4);margin-bottom:14px}
.card__t{font-size:21px;line-height:1.4;font-weight:600;margin:0 0 12px;transition:color .2s var(--ease)}
.card__d{font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;color:var(--fg-6);margin:0 0 20px;flex:1}
.card__m{font-size:12px;color:var(--fg-4)}
.pager{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;padding:36px 0 72px;font-size:14px}
.pager ol{list-style:none;display:flex;gap:6px;margin:0;padding:0}
.pager a,.pager ol span{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;padding:6px 10px;border:1px solid var(--fg-2);color:var(--fg-6)}
.pager a:hover{color:var(--fg);border-color:var(--fg-4)}
.pager ol span[aria-current]{background:var(--fg);color:#0A0B0D;border-color:var(--fg)}
.pager>span{min-width:1px}
.cards+.pager:not(:has(a)){display:none}
.cards:last-child{margin-bottom:72px}

/* article */
.art__head{padding:clamp(36px,6vw,72px) 0 32px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--fg-1);max-width:880px}
.art__head h1{font-size:clamp(30px,4.6vw,50px);line-height:1.22;letter-spacing:-.01em;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 18px}
.art__meta{font-size:12.5px;color:var(--fg-4);margin:0}
.art__grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:220px minmax(0,720px);gap:clamp(32px,5vw,72px);padding:40px 0 88px}
.toc{position:sticky;top:92px;align-self:start;font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.6}
.toc__h{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.14em;color:var(--fg-4);margin:0 0 12px}
.toc ol{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;border-left:1px solid var(--fg-2)}
.toc li a{display:block;padding:5px 0 5px 14px;text-decoration:none;color:var(--fg-6);margin-left:-1px;border-left:1px solid transparent}
.toc li a:hover{color:var(--fg);border-left-color:var(--spark)}
.art__body{min-width:0;color:var(--fg-8)}
.art__body h2{font-size:clamp(23px,2.6vw,28px);line-height:1.35;color:var(--fg);margin:2.2em 0 .7em;font-weight:700}
.art__body h3{font-size:19px;color:var(--fg);margin:1.8em 0 .5em;font-weight:600}
.art__body p{margin:0 0 1.15em}
.art__body ul,.art__body ol{padding-left:1.4em;margin:0 0 1.2em}
.art__body li{margin:.35em 0}
.art__body li::marker{color:var(--fg-4)}
.art__body strong{color:var(--fg);font-weight:600}
.art__body a{color:var(--fg);text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:var(--spark);text-underline-offset:3px;text-decoration-thickness:1px}
.art__body a:hover{color:var(--spark)}
.art__body code{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.88em;background:var(--fg-1);padding:.1em .35em}
.art__body blockquote{margin:1.5em 0;padding:4px 0 4px 20px;border-left:2px solid var(--spark);color:var(--fg)}
.art__body blockquote p{margin:0}
.tbl{overflow-x:auto;margin:0 0 1.4em;border:1px solid var(--fg-1)}
.tbl table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:1.65}
.tbl th,.tbl td{text-align:left;vertical-align:top;padding:10px 14px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--fg-1)}
.tbl th{font-weight:600;color:var(--fg);background:var(--bg2);white-space:nowrap}
.tbl tr:last-child td{border-bottom:0}
.answer{border:1px solid var(--fg-2);border-left:2px solid var(--spark);background:var(--bg2);padding:20px 24px;margin:0 0 2em}
.answer__k{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.14em;color:var(--spark);margin:0 0 8px!important}
.answer p:last-child{margin:0;color:var(--fg);font-size:17.5px}
.faq details{border-top:1px solid var(--fg-1);padding:0}
.faq details:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid var(--fg-1)}
.faq summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;padding:16px 32px 16px 0;position:relative;color:var(--fg);font-weight:600}
.faq summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}
.faq summary::after{content:"+";position:absolute;right:4px;top:14px;font-family:var(--mono);color:var(--spark)}
.faq details[open] summary::after{content:"−"}
.faq details p{margin:0 0 18px}
.next ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;display:grid;gap:1px;background:var(--fg-1);border:1px solid var(--fg-1)}
.next li{margin:0}
.next a{display:block;background:var(--bg);padding:14px 18px;text-decoration:none!important;color:var(--fg)!important;line-height:1.5}
.next a:hover{background:var(--bg2)}
.next a span{display:block;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.1em;color:var(--fg-4);margin-bottom:4px}
.cta{margin:3em 0 0;padding:24px;border:1px solid var(--fg-2)}
.cta p:last-child{margin:0}
.refs{margin-top:3em}
.refs h2{font-size:20px}
.refs ol{font-size:14px;line-height:1.7;color:var(--fg-6)}
.refs li{margin:.5em 0;overflow-wrap:anywhere}
.refs li span{display:block;color:var(--fg-4);font-size:13px}
.refs a{color:var(--fg-8)}

/* footer */
.if{border-top:1px solid var(--fg-1);font-size:13px;color:var(--fg-4)}
.if__in{max-width:1180px;margin:0 auto;padding:28px clamp(18px,4vw,40px) 40px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px 32px;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-start}
.if strong{color:var(--fg);font-weight:600;margin-right:10px}
.if nav{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px 18px}
.if a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--fg-6)}
.if a:hover{color:var(--fg)}

/* byline, author box */
.art__meta .byline{color:var(--fg-8);text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:var(--spark);text-underline-offset:3px}
.art__meta .byline:hover{color:var(--spark)}
.author{display:flex;gap:18px;align-items:flex-start;margin:3em 0 0;padding:20px 22px;border:1px solid var(--fg-2);background:var(--bg2)}
.author img{width:72px;height:90px;object-fit:cover;flex:none;display:block}
.author .kicker{margin:0 0 6px!important;font-size:11px}
.author p{margin:0!important}
.author__n{font-size:18px;font-weight:600;color:var(--fg)}
.author__n a{text-decoration:none!important}
.author__r{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:12.5px;color:var(--spark);margin-top:2px!important}
.author ul{list-style:none;padding:0!important;margin:8px 0 0!important;font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.6;color:var(--fg-6)}
.author li{margin:.15em 0!important}
.cta+.cta,.author+.cta{margin-top:1.4em}

/* research feature card */
.feature{display:block;margin:28px 0;padding:26px 28px;border:1px solid var(--fg-2);border-left:2px solid var(--spark);background:var(--bg2);text-decoration:none;transition:border-color .2s var(--ease)}
.feature:hover{border-color:var(--fg-4);border-left-color:var(--spark)}
.feature .kicker{display:block;margin-bottom:10px}
.feature__t{display:block;font-size:clamp(22px,2.6vw,28px);font-weight:700;line-height:1.35;margin-bottom:10px}
.feature:hover .feature__t{color:var(--spark)}
.feature__d{display:block;max-width:72ch;color:var(--fg-6);font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;margin-bottom:14px}
.feature__go{font-size:13px;color:var(--fg)}

/* team */
.en{font-family:var(--disp);font-weight:500;color:var(--fg-6);font-size:.62em;letter-spacing:0;margin-left:.3em;white-space:nowrap}
.partners{margin:28px 0 8px;padding:20px 24px;border:1px solid var(--fg-2)}
.partners .kicker{margin-bottom:12px;font-size:11px}
.partners dl{margin:0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(min(100%,300px),1fr));gap:14px 32px}
.partners dt{color:var(--fg);font-weight:600;font-size:15px;line-height:1.55}
.partners dd{margin:2px 0 0;color:var(--fg-6);font-size:14px;line-height:1.6}
.tgroup{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.12em;color:var(--spark);font-weight:400;margin:40px 0 0;padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--fg-2)}
.people{list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(min(100%,340px),1fr));border-left:1px solid var(--fg-1)}
.people li{border-right:1px solid var(--fg-1);border-bottom:1px solid var(--fg-1)}
.people a{display:flex;gap:18px;padding:20px;text-decoration:none;height:100%;transition:background .25s var(--ease)}
.people a:hover{background:var(--bg2)}
.people img{width:96px;height:120px;object-fit:cover;flex:none}
.people a>span{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:4px;min-width:0}
.people__n{font-size:20px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.35}
.people a:hover .people__n{color:var(--spark)}
.people__r{font-size:12.5px;color:var(--spark);line-height:1.5}
.people__t{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--fg-6);line-height:1.6}
.people:last-child{margin-bottom:72px}
.pp__head{display:grid;grid-template-columns:240px minmax(0,1fr);gap:clamp(24px,4vw,48px);align-items:end;padding:clamp(36px,6vw,72px) 0 32px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--fg-1)}
.pp__head img{width:240px;height:300px;object-fit:cover;display:block}
.pp__head h1{font-family:var(--disp);font-size:clamp(34px,5vw,56px);line-height:1.1;margin:0 0 12px;font-weight:700}
.pp__r{font-size:14px;color:var(--spark);margin:0 0 16px}
.pp__t{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;color:var(--fg-8);font-size:15px;line-height:1.7}
.pp__t li{position:relative;padding-left:16px;margin:.25em 0}
.pp__t li::before{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;top:.85em;width:7px;height:1px;background:var(--spark)}
.pp__body{max-width:820px;padding:12px 0 88px;color:var(--fg-8)}
.pp__body h2{font-size:22px;color:var(--fg);margin:2em 0 .7em}
.pp__body p{margin:0 0 1.1em}
.pp__talk{border-left:2px solid var(--spark);padding:4px 0 4px 18px}
.pp__talk span{display:block;font-size:12px;color:var(--fg-4);margin-bottom:4px}
.pp__talk strong{display:block;color:var(--fg);font-size:18px;margin-bottom:4px}
.pp__body .cta a,.pp__body .cta a:visited{color:var(--fg)}
.cards--compact{margin-bottom:0!important}
.cards--compact .card a{padding:20px}
.cards--compact .card__t{font-size:17px}
.cards--compact .card__d{display:none}

/* 404 */
.nf{border-bottom:0}
.nf__go{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px}
.btn{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;color:var(--fg);border:1px solid var(--fg-2);padding:10px 16px;font-size:14px}
.btn:hover{border-color:var(--spark)}

@media (max-width:900px){
  .art__grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);padding-top:28px}
  .toc{position:static;border:1px solid var(--fg-1);padding:16px 18px}
  .toc ol{border:0}.toc li a{padding-left:0}
}
@media (max-width:560px){
  body{font-size:16.5px;line-height:1.82}
  .ib__nav a:not(.ib__cta):nth-child(3){display:none}
  .ib__logo{width:104px}
  .card a{padding:22px 18px}
  .answer{padding:16px 18px}
  .pager{flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}
  .tbl table{font-size:14px}
  .pp__head{grid-template-columns:1fr;align-items:start}
  .pp__head img{width:160px;height:200px}
  .people a{padding:16px}
  .people img{width:80px;height:100px}
  .author{padding:16px}
  .feature{padding:20px}
}
@media print{.ib,.toc,.cta,.if,.crumbs{display:none}html,body{background:#fff;color:#000}}